What is confounding in an experimental study?

Confounding in an experimental study refers to a situation where a factor other than the independent variable influences the outcome of the experiment. This confounding variable may distort the perceived relationship between the independent variable (the factor being manipulated) and the dependent variable (the outcome being measured). When researchers do not account for confounding variables, it can lead to inaccurate conclusions about the effects of the independent variable, as the results may be influenced by the confounding factor.

In essence, identifying and controlling for confounding variables is crucial for ensuring that the observed effects are truly due to the independent variable being studied, rather than being swayed by extraneous factors. This understanding allows for more precise interpretations of data and enhances the validity of the experimental findings.